Predictors of complication after adrenalectomy

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate risk factors for complications in patients undergoing adrenalectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective search of our institutional database was performed of patients who underwent adrenalectomy, between 2014 and 2018. Clinical parameters and adrenal disorder characteristics were assessed and correlated to intra and post-operative course. Complications were analyzed within 30-days after surgery. A logistic regression was performed in order to identify independent predictors of morbidity in patients after adrenalectomy. Results: The files of 154 patients were reviewed. Median age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were 52-years and 27.8kg/m2, respectively. Mean tumor size was 4.9±4cm. Median surgery duration and estimated blood loss were 140min and 50mL, respectively. There were six conversions to open surgery. Minor and major post-operative complications occurred in 17.5% and 8.4% of the patients. Intra-operative complications occurred in 26.6% of the patients. Four patients died. Mean hospitalization duration was 4-days (Interquartile Range: 3-8). Patients age (p=0.004), comorbidities (p=0.003) and pathological diagnosis (p=0.003) were independent predictors of post-operative complications. Tumor size (p<0.001) and BMI (p=0.009) were independent predictors of intra-operative complications. Pathological diagnosis (p<0.001) and Charlson score (p=0.013) were independent predictors of death. Conclusion: Diligent care is needed with older patients, with multiple comorbidities and harboring unfavorable adrenal disorders (adrenocortical carcinoma and pheocromocytoma), who have greater risk of post-operative complications. Patients with elevated BMI and larger tumors have higher risk of intra, but not of post-operative complications.

Aspects tomodensitometriques des masses surrenaliennes a Abidjan a propos de 12 cas

Objectif : Decrire les aspects tomodensitometriques des masses surrenaliennes. Materiels et methodes. Nous avons procede a l'etude retrospective de 12 dossiers de patients porteurs de masses surrenaliennes. Tous ont ete explores a la tomodensitometrie (TDM). Cinq exereses ont ete realisees et les pieces analysees a l'anatomopathologie. Les donnees bio-cliniques; echographiques; scanographiques et anatomopathologiques ont ete repertoriees et analysees. Resultats L'age moyen des patients etait de 38;7 ans (20 - 75 ans) sans predominance de sexe. Les signes cliniques etaient domines par l'hypertension arterielle (60%). A la TDM; la masse surrenalienne etait unilaterale dans 11 cas; majoritairement tissulaire (75%); de taille superieure a 6 cm dans 58% des cas. A l'examen anatomopathologique les lesions etaient benignes dans 80% des cas. Conclusion La TDM reste l'examen de reference dans l'exploration d'une masse surrenalienne en precisant les rapports visceraux et ses caracteres d'agressivite. Le diagnostic est histologique

Surgical management of adrenal cysts: a single-institution experience

Objective To analyze surgical methods and evaluate treatment efficacy and safety for managing adrenal cystic lesions. Materials and methods All patients presenting with adrenal lesions of the West China Hospital were reviewed retrospectively from January 2003 to April 2013 and 47 were diagnosed as adrenal cysts. Basic information, clinical history, physical examination, laboratory investigations, abdominal ultrasound and enhanced computed tomography were detailed noted. Cysts with different surgical management were analyzed and surgery option operative time, postoperative complications and after-surgery hospital stay were all noted. The final diagnosis was judged by histopathology. Patients were followed from 3 month to 10 years. Results All the 47 patients with a mean age of 43.8 years were managed by surgical intervention. Compared laparoscopic technology with open technology, the laparoscopic has the advantage of a shorter operation time, shorter hospital stay after surgery and enhanced cosmesis. The histopathologic result was: 23 (50%) were endothelial cysts and 16 (35%) were pseudocysts. One patient had evidence to recurrence at the followed-up stage. Conclusion Adrenal cysts are rare and with the development of imaging techniques many of these are diagnosed incidentally. CT has advantages in detecting the cysts with haemorrhage, intracystic debris, calcification and mixed adrenal mass. Minimally invasive surgery offers equivalent efficacy to traditional open procedures, while providing a shorter operation time, shorter convalescence and improved cosmesis. Patients after surgical resection should be followed up closely especially if functional cysts and histopathology of cystic tumor are present. .

Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis / Alterações morfológicas e carga parasitária da adrenal de cães com leishmaniose visceral

The objective of this study was to analyze morphological changes and parasite loads in the adrenal gland from 45 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were from the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, which is an endemic region for the disease. These animals were euthanized due to positive diagnoses of VL. The dogs were classified into asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The parasite load was determined by immunohistochemistry, using VL-positive dog hyperimmune serum. Nine dogs showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed, predominantly, of plasma cells and macrophages. However, only eight dogs showed macrophages with amastigote forms of the parasite, immunolabeled in the cytoplasm. The medullary and reticular layers were the most affected areas, possibly due to a favorable microenvironment created by hormones in these regions. The density of parasites in the glandular tissue was not associated with clinical signs of VL (P > 0.05). However, the presence of the parasite was always associated with the presence of a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. This gland may not be an ideal place for the parasite's multiplication, but the presence of injuries to the glandular tissue could influence the dog's immune system, thus favoring the parasite's survival in the host's different organs.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as alterações morfológicas e a carga parasitária da glândula adrenal de 45 cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV). Os animais eram provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) de Araçatuba (SP), região endêmica para a doença. Esses animais são submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao diagnóstico positivo para LV. Os cães foram classificados nos grupos assintomático, oligossintomático e sintomático. A determinação da carga parasitária foi feita por imuno-histoquímica, com utilização de soro hiperimune de cão positivo para LV. Em nove cães, verificou-se um infiltrado inflamatório, composto predominantemente por plasmócitos e macrófagos. Entretanto, apenas oito cães apresentaram macrófagos com formas amastigotas do parasito imunomarcadas em seu citoplasma. As camadas medular e reticulada foram as mais afetadas, possivelmente por um microambiente favorável criado pelos hormônios nestas regiões. A densidade de parasitos no tecido glandular não foi relacionada com os sinais clínicos de LV (P > 0,05). No entanto, a presença do parasito sempre esteve associada à presença de infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. Possivelmente, essa glândula não é um sítio ideal para a multiplicação do protozoário, mas a presença de injúrias no tecido glandular poderia influenciar o sistema imune do cão, favorecendo a sobrevivência do parasito nos diferentes órgãos do hospedeiro.

Laparoscopic Management of a Hydatid Cyst of the Adrenal Gland

Hydatid disease is endemic in parts of India, yet genitourinary involvement is rare. Laparoscopic management of such cases is uncommonly reported. We present a case of an adrenal hydatid and its management by laparoscopic aspiration, instillation of scolicidal solution, and partial excision of the cyst.

Masas suprarrenales: evaluación por tomografía computada y resonancia magnética / Suprarenal masses: evaluation through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

Despite being small, suprarenal glands constitute a frequent milieu for diseases, since some type of gland anomaly can be present in 9 percent of the population. Because of the increasing massive use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, damage detection at this level has been incremented. The usefulness of these techniques lies not only in their ability in timely and accurate detection of lesions but also in the characterization of them, distinguishing benign from malignant masses. Nevertheless, sometimes it is not possible to determine their nature and therefore complementary imaging techniques such as possitron emission tomography or even a biopsy must be performed to reach a conclusive diagnosis. At the end of our revision we propose an action algorithm for assessing suprarenal damages.

Las glándulas suprarrenales, a pesar de ser pequeñas, son sitio frecuente de enfermedad, presentando algún tipo de alteración en el 9 por ciento de la población. Con el uso cada vez más masivo de la tomografía computada y de la resonancia magnética, ha aumentado la detección de lesiones a este nivel. El rol de estas modalidades no sólo radica en la detección de las lesiones sino que también en la caracterización de éstas, diferenciándolas en benignas o malignas. Sin embargo, en ocasiones no es posible determinar su naturaleza, por lo que debe recurrirse a exámenes complementarios como la tomografía de emisión de positrones, o incluso la biopsia, para llegar a un diagnóstico definitivo. Al final de la revisión, proponemos un algoritmo de acción para la evaluación de las lesiones suprarrenales.

A forensic pathological study of eighty-two cases of adrenal hemorrhage / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the relationship between adrenal hemorrhage and the cause of death, age and gender.@*METHODS@#Eighty-two cases of adrenal hemorrhage were statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Adrenal hemorrhage occurred mostly in cases of sudden death, infection, trauma and asphyxia. Male had more chance than female to have adrenal hemorrhage. Adrenal hemorrhage caused by sudden death, trauma and poisoning was more frequently seen in young adults, whereas adrenal hemorrhage in children as well as in fetus and newborns was often caused by infection as well as sudden death and asphyxia respectively. Adrenal hemorrhage caused by sudden death and asphyxia was mainly located in medulla, while the infection usually induced hemorrhage in cortex. Adrenal hemorrhage caused by trauma showed an equal opportunity in either the cortex or medulla.@*CONCLUSION@#Our data indicate that adrenal hemorrhage might provide some clues in searching for the cause of death.

Cellular and molecular abnormalities of a macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing beta-blocker-sensitive Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome due to ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH) can be associated with abnormal responses of aberrantly expressed adrenocortical receptors. This study aimed to characterize in vitro the pathophysiology of hypercortisolism in a b-blocker-sensitive Cushing's syndrome due to AIMAH. Cortisol secretion profile under aberrant receptors stimulation revealed hyperresponsiveness to salbutamol (beta2-adrenoceptor agonist), cisapride (5-HT4 receptor agonist), and vasopressin in AIMAH cultured cells, but not in normal adrenocortical cells. By RT-PCR, AIMAH tissues revealed beta2-adrenoceptor overexpression rather than ectopical expression. MC2R expression was similar in both AIMAH and normal adrenocortical tissues. Curiously, cortisol levels of AIMAH cells under basal condition were 15-fold higher than those of control cells and were not responsive to ACTH. Analysis of culture medium from AIMAH cells could detect the presence of ACTH, which was immunohistochemically confirmed. Finally, the present study of AIMAH cells has identified: a) cortisol hyperresponsiveness to catecholamines, 5-HT4 and vasopressin in vitro, in agreement with clinical screening tests; b) abnormal expression of beta2-adrenoceptors in some areas of the hyperplastic adrenal tissue; c) autocrine loop of ACTH production. Altogether, the demonstration of aberrant responses to hormonal receptors and autocrine hormone production in the same tissue supports the assumption of multiple molecular alterations in adrenal macronodular hyperplasia.

A síndrome de Cushing secundária à hiperplasia adrenal macronodular independente de ACTH (AIMAH) pode estar associada com respostas anômalas a estímulos sobre receptores hormonais expressos de maneira aberrante no córtex adrenal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a fisiopatologia do hipercortisolismo in vitro na síndrome de Cushing responsiva a beta-bloqueadores decorrente de AIMAH. Em cultura de células, a secreção de cortisol apresentou resposta aumentada ao salbutamol (agonista beta2-adrenérgico), à cisaprida (agonista de receptor 5-HT4) e à vasopressina, na AIMAH mas não no córtex adrenal normal. O estudo de receptores aberrantes por RT-PCR demonstrou que o gene do receptor beta2-adrenérgico estava superexpresso (e não expresso ectopicamente) nos fragmentos da AIMAH quando comparado ao tecido normal. A expressão de MC2R foi semelhante em ambos. Curiosamente, o nível basal de secreção de cortisol pelas células da AIMAH foi 15 vezes superior às células normais, não havendo resposta das células AIMAH ao estímulo com ACTH. A análise do meio de cultura das células AIMAH revelou a presença de ACTH, que foi confirmada por estudo imuno-histoquímico. Em suma, este estudo demonstrou: a) aumento dos níveis de cortisol in vitro em resposta a catecolaminas, 5-HT4 e vasopressina, correspondendo aos resultados dos testes clínicos para pesquisa de receptores aberrantes; b) expressão anormal de receptores beta2-adrenérgicos em algumas áreas de hiperplasia; c) produção autócrina de ACTH. Estes resultados envolvendo ativação de receptores aberrantes e estímulo hormonal autócrino no mesmo tecido favorecem a hipótese da existência de alterações moleculares múltiplas na hiperplasia adrenal macronodular.

Bilateral afrenal nodules due to histoplasmosis in an elderly

We report a case history of an 84-year-old elderly male patient that presented with a clinical picture suggestive of adrenal failure and bilateral adrenal nodules detected by abdominal computed tomography. A fine needle-guided biopsy was inconclusive for achieving a final diagnosis. The patient died due to septic shock and the autopsy disclosed histoplasmosis with extensive bilateral necrosis of the adrenal glands. Although the adrenal involvement in chronic disseminated histoplasmosis has been described, there have been few reports of the infection being associated with adrenal insufficiency.

Traumatic rupture of adrenal pseudocyst leading to massive hemorrhage in retroperitoneum

We present the case of a patient who had a large pseudocyst in the right adrenal gland, which was ruptured following blunt abdominal trauma, leading to a voluminous hemorrhage in retroperitoneum. A 29-year old female patient was admitted in the emergency room following a fall from stairs with trauma in right flank. She underwent a computerized tomography that evidenced a large retroperitoneal collection, with no apparent renal damage. She was submitted to surgery, where a large ruptured cyst was observed, originating from the upper portion of the right adrenal gland. Cystic diseases of adrenal gland are rare. Highly voluminous cysts can be damaged in cases of blunt trauma to the lumbar region leading to large hematomas in retroperitoneum.

Adrenal cyst: an unusual presentation

Adrenal cysts are rare, and, until recently, they were most often diagnosed at surgery or autopsy. The pathogenesis of these cysts is still unclear. We are reporting an adrenal cyst, which presented in an unusual way with abdominal pain. We believe that the cyst caused an extracystic adrenal hematoma that resulted in the presenting symptoms

Adrenal cyst: a case report

A case of benign endothelial adrenal cyst in an asymptomatic 33-year-old woman is presented along with MRI photographs

Adrenal cortical and medullar hyperplasia--a retrospective analysis of 6 cases / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The features of the symptoms, laboratory tests and pathological characteristics of adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia were studied. In 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia, plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), catecholamine (CA) and 24-h urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (OHCS) and 17-ketosteroid (KS) were determined. Adrenal glands were examined by CT scan and 131I-MIBG imaging. Pathological examination was performed after operation. The results showed that in 6 cases of hypercatecholaminenia (3 men and 3 women) aged from 34-50 years, the clinical features were just like "pheochromocytoma", for example, episodic headache, perspiration, palpitation, pallor, apprehension, nausea, tremor, anxiety and so on. Plasma levels of CA, NE and E were elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary samples obtained at the onset revealed elevated VMA in 1 case. 24-h urinary cortisol was obviously elevated in all 6 cases. 24-h urinary 17-OHCS, 17-KS was normal. B-type ultrasound, CT, MRI and 131I-MIBG revealed 9 lateral adrenal gland diffuse or nodular enlargement in 6 cases. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia. Clinically, adrenal cortical and medullary hyperplasia resembled "pheochromocytoma". The most significant feature of this disease was both elevated plasma CA and 24-h urinary cortisol obviously. Pathologic examination showed adrenal cortex nodular hyperplasia and medullar diffuse or limit hyperplasia. Whether it is an independent disease or symptoms of the other disease has not final conclusion up till now.

Wolman's disease--a case report.

Wolman's disease is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder. We report a case, which we identified with foamy histiocytes in bone marrow and adrenal calcification in radiological imaging. The diagnosis can be made on minimal investigation when clinically suspected. But cytogenetic study is required to substantiate the diagnosis further.

Incidencia de adrenalites em material de necropsia / Incidence of adrenalitis in necropsy material

Foram estudados casos de adrenalites em material de necropsias efetuadas na Faculdade de Medicina da USP, entre os anos de 1931 a 1981. De 131.466 necropsias 0,2 por cento exibiam adrenalites: 185 homens e 69 mulheres. Ocorrencia bilateral foi observada em 161 casos e unilateral em 46 (47 casos sem essa informacao). Os achados histopatologicos revelaram: 111 casos de tuberculose (43,7 por cento), 86 de paracoccidioidomicose (33,8 por cento), 24 com adrenalites cronicas inespecificas (9,5 por cento), 25 com adrenalites agudas e abcessos (9,8 por cento), 3 casos de histoplasmoses (1,2 por cento), 2 com febre tifoide (0,8 por cento), 2 com citomegalovirus (0,8 por cento) e 1 caso de leishmaniose (0,4 por cento). A grande incidencia de tuberculose e paracoccidioidomicose em glandula adrenal pode ser explicada pela grande ocorrencia dessas patologias em nosso pais, e por suas afinidades em acometer as supra-renais.

Medulite supra-renálica em casos de raiva humana / Adrenal medullitis in cases of human rabies

Foram estudados os encéfalos e as supra-renais de cinco casos de raiva humana, sendo três crianças e dois adultos com óbito ocorrendo entre três e seis dias após início das manifestaçöes clínicas. Em todos os casos o encéfalo mostrava corpúsculo de Negri nas células nervosas e infiltrado mononuclear perivascular mais evidente nos casos de evoluçäo mais longa. O comprometimento eletivo da medular das supra-renais caracterizado por acentuado exsudato mononuclear, além de alteraçöes dos feocromócitos ocorreu em 60% dos casos. Corpúsculos eosinófilos foram encontrados no citoplasma dos feocromócitos e, às vezes, no interstício da medular. Tais corpúsculos poderiam representar inclusöes viróticas semelhantes aos corpúsculos de Negri dos neurônios. Entretanto sua verdadeira natureza precisa ser ainda esclarecida. A medulite supra-renálica aqui descrita pode ter sua gênese, pelo menos em parte, determinada por fatores que se relacionam ao "parentesco" embriológico do sistema cromafim com o tecido nervoso